EXP NO. PAGE NO. DATE:
Name of the experiment: Laboratory methods of distillation.
Theory:
Distillation is the process of conterting a liquid into its vapor by boiling and then condensing the vapor back to the liquid side by the application of cold.
Requirements:
1) Leibigs condenser ground joint
2) Distilling flask ground joint.
3) Flat bottom flask
4) Tripod stand single stand with clamp
5) Wire gauze
6) Rubber cork
7) Laboratory thermometers
8) Bunsen burners
9) Ordinary or tap water
Procedure:
1) Ordinary water is taken in a distilled flask. The side tube of flask connected by means of a cork and the inner tube of the liebing condenser itself surrounding by a wider jacked through which a constant.
2) Steam of cold water in passed the cold water being extent and out at the bottom to top of the condenser the flask is set up on the wire gause on a tripod stand and clamped in apposition.
3) On the heating the flask is 100◦c. The water boil and the vapor while passing through the cold inner tube of the condenser back to the water and the distilled and deposited washed bottle or condenser.
Comment: By this process we get pure liquid vehicle especially water.
EXP NO. PAGE NO. DATE:
Name of the experiment: Laboratory method of crystallization.
Theory:
When a solution of a solid in liquid saturated at some higher temperature is made too cool down then a quantity of the solid held in solution is deposited at the bottom spontaneously in the form of particles having regular and definite geometrical shape. This process is called crystallization.
Requirements:
1) Solution of common salt
2) Test tube
3) Test tube holder
4) Bunsen burner
Procedure:
Taken a sufficient amount of salt solution in a test tube and keep it by a holder than heated at some higher temperature on Bunsen burner. After saturation of it is made too cool down then a quantity of solid salt deposited at the bottom in the form of definite geometrical shape.
Comment: After crystallization we get pure crystal substance that without impure substance.
EXP NO. PAGE NO. DATE:
Name of the experiment: Laboratory method of sublimation
Theory:
Sublimation is the process of converting a solid drug substance into its vaporous state and next condensing its vaporous back into the solid having the same composition. The product of the sublimation is called sublimate.
Requirements:
1) Chemical solid camphor
2) Beaker
3) Funnel
4) Tripod stand
5) Cotton pad/glass wool
6) Bunsen burner
7) Matches
Procedure:
At first some amount of crystal camphor taken in a clean porcelain basin and then covered it with an inverted funnel. The end of the funnel closed with glass wool or air tide by wet cotton pad then it is placed on a tripod stand and heated it by Bunsen burner. The crystal camphor is slowly vaporized and despoiled inside the funnel in crystal form with out converting it into the liquid form having the same composition.
Comment: It is suitable process to removing impurity of solid substance.
EXP NO. PAGE NO. DATE:
Name of the experiment: Preparation of ointments.
Theory:
Ointments are semisolid and may be readily applied on the skin by rubbing requiring melting on application. So they are also called therapeutic creams. It is prepared from white soft paraffin with particular mother tincture commonly used ointments are Boric acid, calendulla, Haemamellis, Arnica mont, Graphitics Etc.
Requirements:
1) Mother tincture.
2) White soft paraffin
3) A slab
4) Spatula
5) Clean stopper glass bottle
6) Labeling paper
7) Pasting gum
8) Measure glass
9) Scissors
Calculation:
One part by weight or volume of the required mother tincture is mixed thoroughly with nine parts by volume or weight of white soft paraffin.
Procedure:
1. Take required amount of soft paraffin on a slab or glass state.
2. The mother tincture is generally added drop by drop and should be thoroughly mixed by the spatula.
3. Then take ointments by scarping from the glass slab and put in the glass stopper bottle.
4. The bottle should be labeled with the name of the mother tincture with the ointment for external use only.
EXP NO. PAGE NO. DATE:
Name of the experiment: External application: preparation of lotion.
Theory: They are liquid suspension in aqueous medium, used as external application one part of requisite mother tincture, say Callundula, Arnica, Ledum etc and nine part of purified water are mixed thoroughly.
Requirements:
1) Mother tincture
2) Distilled water
3) Clean lotion phial with crack
4) Labeling paper
5) Pasting gum
6) Measure glass
Calculation: 139, 1part mother tincture and 9part distilled water.
Procedure:
1) The proper amount of distil water is taken in the phial and requisite mother poured into it.
2) The phial cork tightly and shake well till its colour become uniform.
3) The phial should be labeled with the name of mother tincture e.g. Calendula lotion.
4) Date of manufacturing and direction of use should be written on the label.
5) Shake well before use and for external use only.
EXP NO. PAGE NO. DATE:
Name of the experiment: Preparation of liniments
Theory:
Liniment or embrocating is applications of an oily or spirituous consistence. Theses are mixture or solutions of different medicines in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap or emulsion and are suitable for rubbing or painting over the skin. They also serves as protective coatings, camphor enters into their composition for its local stimulant action and also to lessen the risk of these being taken internationally as it has characteristic strong smell.
Preparation:
A. Principle: One part by weight of mother tincture is mixed with nine parts by weight of olive oil. One part of the required medicine is mixed with four parts of olive oil or tincture of soap.
B. Requirement:
a) Ingredient –
1) Mother tincture
2) Olive oil or tincture soap
b) Appliances-
1) A clean round phial
2) A new non porous velvet cork
3) Balance with weight box
4) Weighing bottles
5) Pen, labeling paper, gum etc.
C. Procedure: proper quantity of olive oil is taken in clean glass phial. The required quantity of mother tincture is poured over it. The cork is fixed and a homogenous mixture is prepared by vapuring shaking.
Precautions:
Body of the phile writing the-
Name of the mother tincture.
For external use only
Shake well before use.
EXP NO. PAGE NO. DATE:
Name of the experiment: Writing of prescription and dispensing of the some.
Introduction:
The prescription originates from the Latin word. Prescription means “prac” before and “scribo” means write. Prescription means a written direction by physician for preparing a remedy for his patient which is most appropriately as considered by this attending physician.
Different part of prescription:
A. Superscription: It is the heading consisting of the symbol “Rx” which stands for the Latin word receive which means “to take” the oblique dose across the R is probably a relic of the days of astrology that represented a prayer to Jupiter. This symbol used for a prescription in medical parlance.
It includes:-
1) Name of the patient with address.
2) Age and sex
3) Symbol “Rx”
B. Inscription: This part of prescription is called the body. It includes-
1) Name of the remedy, its potency, its quantity
2) Name of vehicle and quantity.
C. Subscription: It includes –
o The direction to the pharmacist
o How to dispense the remedy
D. Signature: It includes
1) Direction to the patient-
I. How to use the medicine, when medicine to be administered.
II. When to report.
III. Some advices- diet, yoga, investigation.
2) Signature of the physician-
1. Signature of the physician with date and registration number obtained from homoeopathic council
Precaution:
a. Each line must always begin with capital latter.
b. Medicinal name written first and then quantity and vehicle.
c. The name of the medicine should be written in Latin word. ( generic name)
d. Direction of the patient should be written in simple language and good hand writing.
e. When in doubt, always write in English.
f. Never hand over the prescription without reading it over again.
Tuesday 14 December 2010
Name of the BHMS exam and subjects
The subjects for study and examination of the B.H.M.S. course shall be as under:
1. Anatomy
2. Physiology
3. Forensic medicine
4. Pathology
5. Community medicine
6. Gynecology
7. Surgery including Ear, nose, throat (ENT) and Ophthalmology
8. Materia medica
9. Organon of medicine
10. Homoeopathic pharmacy
11. Practice of medicine
12. Psychology
13. Homoeopathic philosophy and principles of homoeopathy
14. Chronic disease
15. Case taking and repertory
16. Obstetrics
17. Tissue remedy
Curriculum of studies for professional B.H.M.S. examination:
Curriculum of studies for first professional B.H.M.S. examination:
1. Anatomy
2. physiology
3. Materia medica
4. organon of medicine
5. homoeopathic pharmacy
6. Tissue remedy
Curriculum of studies for second professional B.H.M.S. examination:
1. Forensic medicine
2. Pathology
3. Materia medica
4. Community medicine
5. Organon of medicine
Curriculum of studies for third professional B.H.M.S. examination:
1. Materia medica
2. Practice of medicine
3. Gynecology
4. Organon of medicine
5. Obstetrics
Curriculum of studies for final professional B.H.M.S. examination:
1. Materia medica
2. Psychology
3. Homoeopathic philosophy and principles of homoeopathy
4. Chronic disease, case taking and repertory
5. Surgery
1. Anatomy
2. Physiology
3. Forensic medicine
4. Pathology
5. Community medicine
6. Gynecology
7. Surgery including Ear, nose, throat (ENT) and Ophthalmology
8. Materia medica
9. Organon of medicine
10. Homoeopathic pharmacy
11. Practice of medicine
12. Psychology
13. Homoeopathic philosophy and principles of homoeopathy
14. Chronic disease
15. Case taking and repertory
16. Obstetrics
17. Tissue remedy
Curriculum of studies for professional B.H.M.S. examination:
Curriculum of studies for first professional B.H.M.S. examination:
1. Anatomy
2. physiology
3. Materia medica
4. organon of medicine
5. homoeopathic pharmacy
6. Tissue remedy
Curriculum of studies for second professional B.H.M.S. examination:
1. Forensic medicine
2. Pathology
3. Materia medica
4. Community medicine
5. Organon of medicine
Curriculum of studies for third professional B.H.M.S. examination:
1. Materia medica
2. Practice of medicine
3. Gynecology
4. Organon of medicine
5. Obstetrics
Curriculum of studies for final professional B.H.M.S. examination:
1. Materia medica
2. Psychology
3. Homoeopathic philosophy and principles of homoeopathy
4. Chronic disease, case taking and repertory
5. Surgery
GOVT. HOMOPEPATHIC MEDICALL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL
World Health Organization declared Homoeopathy as an alternative medicine. Government of Bangladesh moved for development of Homoeopathy. The Government Homoeopathic College and Hospital in Bangladesh is a graduate, non-profit medical university, and associated hospital, located in mirpur-14, Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was established in 1989. This college is under the medical faculty of Dhaka University. DU gives B.H.M.S. degree for student. The college syllabus is same as MBBS except medicinal subject. Click here to Read more .
History of Homeopathy
From its founding by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann,
through the founding of the first U.S. school
and up to the present day
The Founder of Homeopathy
Homeopathy's roots emerge from the findings, teachings and writings of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843). Hahnemann graduated from medical school in 1779 and started his own medical practice. He soon began his first homeopathic experiments in 1790, as a result of his disillusionment with such common medical practices of the day as purging, bloodletting, and the use of toxic chemicals.
At one point, he gave up his own daily practice to begin working as a chemist while translating medical texts. It was when Hahnemann began working on a project to translate William Cullen's Materia Medica into German that he began his quest for a better way of providing healthcare using the principles of "Similars." While working on this project, he became fascinated with a species of South American tree-bark (cinchona) which was being used to treat malaria-induced fever. Hahnemann ingested the bark and discovered that it caused symptoms similar to malaria. He continued his research into "cures" and the idea of "similar suffering," and began compiling his findings. Similia similibus curentur, the Latin phrase meaning "let likes be cured by likes," is the primary principle of homeopathy. A homeopath searches for a substance that produces in a healthy person those same symptoms a patient experiences.
What is homeopathy
Homeopathy (also spelled homoeopathy) is a form of alternative medicine, first proposed by German physician Samuel Hahnemann in 1796, Homeopathy is the treatment of disease with a highly diluted substance that is able to provoke similar signs and symptoms in a healthy body (treatment by similars).It’s a branch of medicine based on the principle that "like cures like".
Homeopathy is a system for the treatment of illness that is based both on the recognition of patterns within the symptoms of the illness and a wider consideration of how the individual is as a person. Click here to read details.
Homeopathy is a system for the treatment of illness that is based both on the recognition of patterns within the symptoms of the illness and a wider consideration of how the individual is as a person. Click here to read details.
HOMOEOPATHIC EDUCATION
There are thirty-eight homeopathic medical college & hospital in Bangladesh legislated under (a govt. organisation) BANGLADESH HOMEOPATHY BOARD, DHAKA. One of them are govt. & rest of all are private medical college. There are three medical colleges alone in Dhaka city.
There are two courses on homeopathy in Bangladesh. One of them is B.H.M.S. (Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery) and other is D.H.M.S. (Diploma of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery). Diploma course is conducted by BANGLADESH HOMEOPATHY BOARD & the graduation course is conducted by the UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA.
You need S.S.C. certificate from any group (science, arts & commerce) to get admitted to D.H.M.S. course & S.S.C. plus H.S.C. from science group for getting admitted to B.H.M.S. course. D.H.M.S. can be done at any age but B.H.M.S. needs to be fresh student.
Most of the colleges also run D.H.M.S. course in night-shift for the service-holders/ professional guys. The D.H.M.S. course is of four and a half years duration, on the contrary the B.H.M.S. course is of five and a half years duration. After completion of any one course you will get govt. registration to practice homeopathy within Bangladesh. You can even join the govt. health service, B.C.S. (health) cadre after the completion of B.H.M.S. Best regards Bashir
For more details-
BANGLADESH HOMEOPATHY BOARD
House no.- 16Road no.-1/A
Nichonja-2
Khilkhat
Dhaka-1229
phone : 880-8959281
880-8959282
There are two courses on homeopathy in Bangladesh. One of them is B.H.M.S. (Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery) and other is D.H.M.S. (Diploma of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery). Diploma course is conducted by BANGLADESH HOMEOPATHY BOARD & the graduation course is conducted by the UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA.
You need S.S.C. certificate from any group (science, arts & commerce) to get admitted to D.H.M.S. course & S.S.C. plus H.S.C. from science group for getting admitted to B.H.M.S. course. D.H.M.S. can be done at any age but B.H.M.S. needs to be fresh student.
Most of the colleges also run D.H.M.S. course in night-shift for the service-holders/ professional guys. The D.H.M.S. course is of four and a half years duration, on the contrary the B.H.M.S. course is of five and a half years duration. After completion of any one course you will get govt. registration to practice homeopathy within Bangladesh. You can even join the govt. health service, B.C.S. (health) cadre after the completion of B.H.M.S. Best regards Bashir
For more details-
BANGLADESH HOMEOPATHY BOARD
House no.- 16Road no.-1/A
Nichonja-2
Khilkhat
Dhaka-1229
phone : 880-8959281
880-8959282
HOMEOPATHY IN BANGLADESH
In Bangladesh there are 38 homeopathic medical colleges and hospital legislated under (a govt. organization) BANGLADESH HOMEOPATHY BOARD, Dhaka. One of them is govt. and others are private.
There are three medical colleges in Dhaka city. They are -
• Govt. homoeopathic medical college and hospital, Mirpur -14,Dhaka-1206
• Bangladesh Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, 46/2, Toyenbi Circular Road, Dhaka-1000
• Fedaral Homeopathic Medical College, farmgate Dhaka.
There are two courses on homeopathy in Bangladesh. One of them is B.H.M.S. (Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery) and other is D.H.M.S. (Diploma of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery). Diploma course is conducted by BANGLADESH HOMEOPATHY BOARD & the graduation course is conducted by the UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA.
You need S.S.C. certificate from any group (science, arts & commerce) to get admitted to D.H.M.S. course & S.S.C. Plus H.S.C. From science group for getting admitted to B.H.M.S. course.
B.H.M.S. course include three colleges in Bangladesh. Two colleges in Dhaka and others is Mymenshing. Among them one is Govt. and others are private. Govt. homoeopathic medical college is situated in mirpur-14(about three minute if you go to rickshaw from dental college). B.H.M.S. Course is five years academic and one year internship in college hospital.
Most of the colleges also run D.H.M.S. course in night-shift for the service-holders/ professional guys. The D.H.M.S. course is of four and a half years duration.
After completion of any one course you will get govt. Registration to practice homeopathy within Bangladesh. You can even join the govt. health service, B.C.S. (health) cadre after the completion of B.H.M.S.
For more details-
BANGLADESH HOMEOPATHY BOARD
House no. - 16
Road no.-1/A
Nichonja-2
Khilkhat
Dhaka-1229
Phone: 880-8959281
880-8959282
There are three medical colleges in Dhaka city. They are -
• Govt. homoeopathic medical college and hospital, Mirpur -14,Dhaka-1206
• Bangladesh Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, 46/2, Toyenbi Circular Road, Dhaka-1000
• Fedaral Homeopathic Medical College, farmgate Dhaka.
There are two courses on homeopathy in Bangladesh. One of them is B.H.M.S. (Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery) and other is D.H.M.S. (Diploma of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery). Diploma course is conducted by BANGLADESH HOMEOPATHY BOARD & the graduation course is conducted by the UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA.
You need S.S.C. certificate from any group (science, arts & commerce) to get admitted to D.H.M.S. course & S.S.C. Plus H.S.C. From science group for getting admitted to B.H.M.S. course.
B.H.M.S. course include three colleges in Bangladesh. Two colleges in Dhaka and others is Mymenshing. Among them one is Govt. and others are private. Govt. homoeopathic medical college is situated in mirpur-14(about three minute if you go to rickshaw from dental college). B.H.M.S. Course is five years academic and one year internship in college hospital.
Most of the colleges also run D.H.M.S. course in night-shift for the service-holders/ professional guys. The D.H.M.S. course is of four and a half years duration.
After completion of any one course you will get govt. Registration to practice homeopathy within Bangladesh. You can even join the govt. health service, B.C.S. (health) cadre after the completion of B.H.M.S.
For more details-
BANGLADESH HOMEOPATHY BOARD
House no. - 16
Road no.-1/A
Nichonja-2
Khilkhat
Dhaka-1229
Phone: 880-8959281
880-8959282
1st year final question of Govt. homoeopathic medicall college(2007-2001)
Anatomy 1st paper
CELL AND CELL DIVISION
Describe the difference between mitotic and meotic cell division. 07,06
Write down the function of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. 02,03,04,05,06.
What are the type of cell division? Describe different parts of mitosis. 03,04,05
Describe prophase 1 of first mitotic cell division. 04
Draw and label of a typical human cell. 02
Write short note on Golgi apparatus, end.reti,mito. 01
What is cell. 01
Write a short note on nucleus. 07
What are the events of cell division? What do you mean by amitosis? 07
Write a short note on cell membrane. 07
Give the difference between organelles and inclusion bodies. 07
TISSUE AND EPITHELLIUM:
Describe the characteristic feature of epithelium. 03,04,05,06.
Name the location of simple columnal epithelium. 02.
Define classify epithelium with example.
Describe the characteristic feature of epithelial tissue. 02
What are the type of tissue. 01
What do you mean by primary tissue?
BONE
Draw and level the parts of a growing long bone. Show its artery supply. 02,03,04,05,06
Write a details the composition of bone. Classify bones with example. 06
Describe transverse system. 03
Define bone. What its composition. 07
What do mean of ossification. Write in brief on different types of ossification. 07
Write a short note on periosteum? What are the difference between peristeum and endosteum. 07
JOINT
Classify joint.(describe the characteristic feature of synovial joint). Draw a synovial joint. 03,04,05,06.
Classify synovial joint according to the shape of articular surface. 03,04,05.
What is joint? Classify synovial joint. 07
MUSCLE
What are the difference between skeletal cardiac and smooth muscle? 03,04,05,06.
THORAX
ANTRODUCTION OF THE THORAX
Give the significance of sternal angle. 02
Give the boundary of thoracic inlet. What structures passes through the e thoracic inlet? 01,02,03.
THE WALLS OF THE THORAX
Draw a typical intercostal nerve (with description). 02,03,04,05,06.
What is intercostal space? What are the content of it?
HEART AND AORTA
How apex of the heart is formed? 03,05,06.
Write down the branches of arch of aorta. 02,03,05.
Write down the coarse of coronary artery ……04,07
Write the blood supply of heart. 01,02.
Write in short about arch of aorta. 01
LUNGS
Define bronchopulmonary segment. Draw and lebel broncal tree. 01,03,04,05,06.
What are the difference between right and left lung? 01,02,05,06.
How pyloric sphincter is identified in the living person? 04.
Write down the structure passing through the hilum of both lung with arrangement before backword. 01
Draw roots of lungs.
MEDIASTINUM
What is mediastinum? what is the content of superior mediastinum? 03,04,05,06.
What are the content of posterior mediastinum? 03,05,07.
Define and classify and classify mediastinum. 04
Give a short note on mediastinal syndrome. 07
THORACIC DUCT
Write a short note on thoracic duct. 07
DIAPHRAGM
What are the opening in the diaphragm? What structures passes through it? 01,04,05,06,07.
Write down about major openings of diaphragm. 01.
ABDOMEN:
Draw the different regions of abdomen. Mention the content of hypochondriac region. 02,03,04,05,06.
What are the branches of abdominal aorta? 06
Mention the content of hypochondriac region. 03
ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
Give the formation and content of rectus sheath.
Give the formation of posterior wall of rectus sheath give its contents.
What are the contents of spermatic cord?
POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
Draw and label lumber plexus.07
STOMACH
What is stomach bed? Describe artery supply stomach with diagram. 01,02,03,04,05,06
What are the different parts of stomach? 02
What is stomach bed? How it is formed? 01,07
Give the blood supply of stomach? 07
INTESTINE
Write down the microscopic and macroscoping difference of large and small intestine. 02,03,06,07.
KIDNEY
Draw and label different parts of nephron. Draw the anterior relation of both kidneys. 02,03,04,05,06.
What are the functional of kidney?
LIVER:
Name the surface, borders and lobes of liver. Show visceral relation of the inferior surface. 03,04,05,06
What are the supports of liver. What are the true and false ligament of liver?
GALL BLADDER: BP-275
Give the formation and opening of bile duct. 02,03,04,05,06.
PANCREASE
Give the relation of posterior surface of the body of pancrease.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM B-31,P-353 M-53
Draw and level different parts of female reproductive organ. 02,03,04,05,06
URETHRA
What are the parts of male urethra? Give its lining epithelium. 02
UTERUS
Write down the support of uterus. 07
LOWER LIMB /IFERIOR EXTREMITIES
Write the boundary and contents of femoral triangle. 04
Write down the sciatic nerve. 04
Describe in brief different layers of sole of foot. 07
Draw and label femoral triangle with its principle contents. 07
Write a short note on iliotibial tract. 07
HIP JOINT
Name the ligament of hip joint . what muscle produce ….. at hip hoint. 03,05
Give a short note on hip joint. 07
SHORT NOTE
Sutures 06
Transpyloric plane 02,03,04,05,06.
Mc burney’s point 02,03,04,05,06.
Volkman’s canal 06
Islets of langerhans 04,05,06.
Chromosome 03,04,05.
The mesentery 05January 3, 2010
Femoral seath 04
Spermatic cord 02
Portal vain 01
Male urethra 01
fallopian tube 0
CELL AND CELL DIVISION
Describe the difference between mitotic and meotic cell division. 07,06
Write down the function of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. 02,03,04,05,06.
What are the type of cell division? Describe different parts of mitosis. 03,04,05
Describe prophase 1 of first mitotic cell division. 04
Draw and label of a typical human cell. 02
Write short note on Golgi apparatus, end.reti,mito. 01
What is cell. 01
Write a short note on nucleus. 07
What are the events of cell division? What do you mean by amitosis? 07
Write a short note on cell membrane. 07
Give the difference between organelles and inclusion bodies. 07
TISSUE AND EPITHELLIUM:
Describe the characteristic feature of epithelium. 03,04,05,06.
Name the location of simple columnal epithelium. 02.
Define classify epithelium with example.
Describe the characteristic feature of epithelial tissue. 02
What are the type of tissue. 01
What do you mean by primary tissue?
BONE
Draw and level the parts of a growing long bone. Show its artery supply. 02,03,04,05,06
Write a details the composition of bone. Classify bones with example. 06
Describe transverse system. 03
Define bone. What its composition. 07
What do mean of ossification. Write in brief on different types of ossification. 07
Write a short note on periosteum? What are the difference between peristeum and endosteum. 07
JOINT
Classify joint.(describe the characteristic feature of synovial joint). Draw a synovial joint. 03,04,05,06.
Classify synovial joint according to the shape of articular surface. 03,04,05.
What is joint? Classify synovial joint. 07
MUSCLE
What are the difference between skeletal cardiac and smooth muscle? 03,04,05,06.
THORAX
ANTRODUCTION OF THE THORAX
Give the significance of sternal angle. 02
Give the boundary of thoracic inlet. What structures passes through the e thoracic inlet? 01,02,03.
THE WALLS OF THE THORAX
Draw a typical intercostal nerve (with description). 02,03,04,05,06.
What is intercostal space? What are the content of it?
HEART AND AORTA
How apex of the heart is formed? 03,05,06.
Write down the branches of arch of aorta. 02,03,05.
Write down the coarse of coronary artery ……04,07
Write the blood supply of heart. 01,02.
Write in short about arch of aorta. 01
LUNGS
Define bronchopulmonary segment. Draw and lebel broncal tree. 01,03,04,05,06.
What are the difference between right and left lung? 01,02,05,06.
How pyloric sphincter is identified in the living person? 04.
Write down the structure passing through the hilum of both lung with arrangement before backword. 01
Draw roots of lungs.
MEDIASTINUM
What is mediastinum? what is the content of superior mediastinum? 03,04,05,06.
What are the content of posterior mediastinum? 03,05,07.
Define and classify and classify mediastinum. 04
Give a short note on mediastinal syndrome. 07
THORACIC DUCT
Write a short note on thoracic duct. 07
DIAPHRAGM
What are the opening in the diaphragm? What structures passes through it? 01,04,05,06,07.
Write down about major openings of diaphragm. 01.
ABDOMEN:
Draw the different regions of abdomen. Mention the content of hypochondriac region. 02,03,04,05,06.
What are the branches of abdominal aorta? 06
Mention the content of hypochondriac region. 03
ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
Give the formation and content of rectus sheath.
Give the formation of posterior wall of rectus sheath give its contents.
What are the contents of spermatic cord?
POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
Draw and label lumber plexus.07
STOMACH
What is stomach bed? Describe artery supply stomach with diagram. 01,02,03,04,05,06
What are the different parts of stomach? 02
What is stomach bed? How it is formed? 01,07
Give the blood supply of stomach? 07
INTESTINE
Write down the microscopic and macroscoping difference of large and small intestine. 02,03,06,07.
KIDNEY
Draw and label different parts of nephron. Draw the anterior relation of both kidneys. 02,03,04,05,06.
What are the functional of kidney?
LIVER:
Name the surface, borders and lobes of liver. Show visceral relation of the inferior surface. 03,04,05,06
What are the supports of liver. What are the true and false ligament of liver?
GALL BLADDER: BP-275
Give the formation and opening of bile duct. 02,03,04,05,06.
PANCREASE
Give the relation of posterior surface of the body of pancrease.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM B-31,P-353 M-53
Draw and level different parts of female reproductive organ. 02,03,04,05,06
URETHRA
What are the parts of male urethra? Give its lining epithelium. 02
UTERUS
Write down the support of uterus. 07
LOWER LIMB /IFERIOR EXTREMITIES
Write the boundary and contents of femoral triangle. 04
Write down the sciatic nerve. 04
Describe in brief different layers of sole of foot. 07
Draw and label femoral triangle with its principle contents. 07
Write a short note on iliotibial tract. 07
HIP JOINT
Name the ligament of hip joint . what muscle produce ….. at hip hoint. 03,05
Give a short note on hip joint. 07
SHORT NOTE
Sutures 06
Transpyloric plane 02,03,04,05,06.
Mc burney’s point 02,03,04,05,06.
Volkman’s canal 06
Islets of langerhans 04,05,06.
Chromosome 03,04,05.
The mesentery 05January 3, 2010
Femoral seath 04
Spermatic cord 02
Portal vain 01
Male urethra 01
fallopian tube 0
Samuel Hahnemann (1755 - 1843)
Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homoeopathy, was born in Meissen, Saxony in Germany on 10th April 1755 to an impoverished middle-class family. He was taught to read and write by both parents and was an avid learner even in his early years. He became proficient at languages and even by the age of twelve was sufficiently accomplished in Greek and Latin that he was given the task of tutoring other children in these. His linguistic repertoire expanded through his adolescence so that by the age of twenty he had mastered English, French, Italian, Latin and Greek, and was able to make a living at the University of Leipzig as a translator and teacher in languages. He subsequently added to these, Arabic, Syriac, Chaldaic and Hebrew. He also trained in sciences, was a member of various scientific societies and was honoured especially for his researches in chemistry. Other fields of expertise included botany, astronomy and meteorology. Hahnemann undertook the study of medicine in Leipzig and Vienna, qualifying with honours in 1779.
He started practice as a doctor in 1781 and shortly afterwards married Johanna Henriette Kuchler, with whom he had 11 children.
Hahnemann took his calling as a medical healer seriously and applied himself conscientiously to his profession. In these early years as a doctor, using the medicines and techniques available to the profession at the time, he found to his dismay that he was not only not achieving a healing response in many of his patients, but in some cases causing greater damage to the health of the patient through the toxic effects of some of the medicines, than the disease, if left untreated, would have caused.
This tragic fact made such a profound moral impression on him, that he felt compelled to withdraw from the profession in order to not contribute to the harm being committed to humanity in the name of medicine.
My sense of duty would not easily allow me to treat the unknown pathological state of my suffering brethren with these unknown medicines. The thought of becoming in this way a murderer or malefactor towards the life of my fellow human beings was most terrible to me, so terrible and disturbing that I wholly gave up my practice in the first years of my married life and occupied myself solely with chemistry and writing.
Hahnemann then resorted to making a living from writing and translation. It was while undertaking the translation of a particular medical text, A Treatise on the Material Medica by the Scottish physician William Cullen, that he was first prompted to examine the medicinal effects of substances ‘under a different light.’ In this medical text he read the claim that the drug, cinchona (Peruvian Bark), was effective in treating the symptoms of malaria because it was a bitter astringent and had a tonic effect on the stomach.
Hahnemann rejected this claim outright as it suggests that other drugs which had these characteristics should have a beneficial effect on malarial states, which they don’t. In order to establish exactly what effects cinchona did have on the human organism he decided to take the drug himself. He began to administer doses of cinchona to himself over a short period of time and discovered that this bark actually created malaria-like symptoms in a healthy individual. Hahnemann reasoned that it was the similarity of symptoms that somehow produced the healing effect. This prompted the postulation of the first principle of homoeopathy: “like cures like.” Or stated more completely: That which can produce a set of symptoms in a healthy individual, can treat a sick individual who is manifesting a similar set of symptoms.
He coined the name “homoeopathy” to describe this approach to healing, deriving it from the Greek: homos (same) + pathos (suffering).
He went on to test other substances, accurately documenting for each its particular “symptom picture.”
This, however, still left the barrier of toxicity. Many substances which produced symptoms also produced toxicity in the body unless they were diluted to such a degree that they not only lost their toxicity but also their ability to produce, and therefore to cure, symptoms. Hahnemann experimented variously with this problem and discovered a curious phenomenon which had not been known before. Whereas simple dilution of a substance, in water for example, weakened the power of a substance to produce an effect, the act of diluting in steps (each step could be, for example, diluting 1 in 10) and vigorously shaking or impacting the mixing vessel after each step, resulted in a substance which still produced symptom effects on a healthy person, and curative effects on a sick person. This phenomenon was evident even when the dilution and impacting (called succussion) was continued to the point of leaving only immeasurably small amounts of original substance in the diluted solution.
This discovery opened the door to widespread testing of even the most toxic substances, including substances like Belladonna and Aconite – both highly poisonous; and after developing a means of bringing insoluble substances, like mercury or gold, into attenuated states using trituration, there was very little that could not safely be tested and therefore safely and effectively administered to patients. The testing procedure in homoeopathic parlance is called “proving.” (The original meaning of the word “prove” is “to test.” Like many words its meaning became altered in time through popular misuse.)
Hahnemann resumed his practice using to full effect his newfound approach to the art of healing. He soon attracted many followers among the physicians of his day and the new science started to spread through Europe and abroad. A homoeopathic medical movement was started which eventually spread throughout the Europe and North America and also eastward into Asia, and especially India.
Hahnemann’s provings expanded from the original tests done on himself to tests done on numbers of people in order to establish the common and striking symptoms, as well as the more subtle and peculiar effects of each drug. These detailed symptom pictures have been collected and catalogued into what is considered the homoeopath’s bible: the Homoeopathic Materia Medica. From a thorough knowledge of the materia medica, the homoeopath is able to select the homoeopathic medicine (called a remedy) which most closely matches the sum and essence of the patient’s symptoms. It is the ability to find this match that is the “art” of homoeopathy, and Hahnemann was the original master of this art (though many have been produced since his time.)
In 1810, Hahnemann published the fruits of his labours in a systematic treatise called The Organon of the Medical Art. This publication laid out the original principles and practices of homoeopathy for the benefit of other physicians and for mankind in general. Early in the text he describes and defines the goal of physician: “The highest ideal of therapy is to restore health rapidly, gently, permanently; to remove and destroy the whole disease in the shortest, surest, least harmful way, according to clearly comprehensible principles.” The remainder of the book sets out how this ideal can be realized using homoeopathic principles.
He continued throughout his long career to refine and improve the practice of remedy making, proving and prescribing, still following the fundamental principles of his original discovery, and in the course of his life, produced five further editions of the Organon.
After a long career as a medical practitioner, researcher, writer and lecturer, Hahnemann died in 1843 at the age of 88 in Paris, after having completed his 6th and final edition of the Organon, referring to it in a letter to his publisher as his “most nearly perfect work.”
The fruits of Hahnemann’s genius continue to benefit us today in ever increasing measure as the efficacy and safety of homoeopathy in the treatment of countless disease states becomes evident to more and more people.
The tradition of trained and qualified medical doctors taking up homoeopathic study in addition to their regular training continues in many countries, while many who are not doctors can also train in the study and practice of homoeopathy, either to a professional or home-use level.
Its use has been expanded into veterinary practice as well where it is routinely applied successfully to pets as well as to agricultural animals.
In the UK there are several training colleges that offer training to a professional standard, and there are many groups and institutions that offer first-aid/home use courses.
In addition, there is a vast range of books on the market encompassing every aspect of homoeopathy, a small selection of which is available through this site.
He started practice as a doctor in 1781 and shortly afterwards married Johanna Henriette Kuchler, with whom he had 11 children.
Hahnemann took his calling as a medical healer seriously and applied himself conscientiously to his profession. In these early years as a doctor, using the medicines and techniques available to the profession at the time, he found to his dismay that he was not only not achieving a healing response in many of his patients, but in some cases causing greater damage to the health of the patient through the toxic effects of some of the medicines, than the disease, if left untreated, would have caused.
This tragic fact made such a profound moral impression on him, that he felt compelled to withdraw from the profession in order to not contribute to the harm being committed to humanity in the name of medicine.
My sense of duty would not easily allow me to treat the unknown pathological state of my suffering brethren with these unknown medicines. The thought of becoming in this way a murderer or malefactor towards the life of my fellow human beings was most terrible to me, so terrible and disturbing that I wholly gave up my practice in the first years of my married life and occupied myself solely with chemistry and writing.
Hahnemann then resorted to making a living from writing and translation. It was while undertaking the translation of a particular medical text, A Treatise on the Material Medica by the Scottish physician William Cullen, that he was first prompted to examine the medicinal effects of substances ‘under a different light.’ In this medical text he read the claim that the drug, cinchona (Peruvian Bark), was effective in treating the symptoms of malaria because it was a bitter astringent and had a tonic effect on the stomach.
Hahnemann rejected this claim outright as it suggests that other drugs which had these characteristics should have a beneficial effect on malarial states, which they don’t. In order to establish exactly what effects cinchona did have on the human organism he decided to take the drug himself. He began to administer doses of cinchona to himself over a short period of time and discovered that this bark actually created malaria-like symptoms in a healthy individual. Hahnemann reasoned that it was the similarity of symptoms that somehow produced the healing effect. This prompted the postulation of the first principle of homoeopathy: “like cures like.” Or stated more completely: That which can produce a set of symptoms in a healthy individual, can treat a sick individual who is manifesting a similar set of symptoms.
He coined the name “homoeopathy” to describe this approach to healing, deriving it from the Greek: homos (same) + pathos (suffering).
He went on to test other substances, accurately documenting for each its particular “symptom picture.”
This, however, still left the barrier of toxicity. Many substances which produced symptoms also produced toxicity in the body unless they were diluted to such a degree that they not only lost their toxicity but also their ability to produce, and therefore to cure, symptoms. Hahnemann experimented variously with this problem and discovered a curious phenomenon which had not been known before. Whereas simple dilution of a substance, in water for example, weakened the power of a substance to produce an effect, the act of diluting in steps (each step could be, for example, diluting 1 in 10) and vigorously shaking or impacting the mixing vessel after each step, resulted in a substance which still produced symptom effects on a healthy person, and curative effects on a sick person. This phenomenon was evident even when the dilution and impacting (called succussion) was continued to the point of leaving only immeasurably small amounts of original substance in the diluted solution.
This discovery opened the door to widespread testing of even the most toxic substances, including substances like Belladonna and Aconite – both highly poisonous; and after developing a means of bringing insoluble substances, like mercury or gold, into attenuated states using trituration, there was very little that could not safely be tested and therefore safely and effectively administered to patients. The testing procedure in homoeopathic parlance is called “proving.” (The original meaning of the word “prove” is “to test.” Like many words its meaning became altered in time through popular misuse.)
Hahnemann resumed his practice using to full effect his newfound approach to the art of healing. He soon attracted many followers among the physicians of his day and the new science started to spread through Europe and abroad. A homoeopathic medical movement was started which eventually spread throughout the Europe and North America and also eastward into Asia, and especially India.
Hahnemann’s provings expanded from the original tests done on himself to tests done on numbers of people in order to establish the common and striking symptoms, as well as the more subtle and peculiar effects of each drug. These detailed symptom pictures have been collected and catalogued into what is considered the homoeopath’s bible: the Homoeopathic Materia Medica. From a thorough knowledge of the materia medica, the homoeopath is able to select the homoeopathic medicine (called a remedy) which most closely matches the sum and essence of the patient’s symptoms. It is the ability to find this match that is the “art” of homoeopathy, and Hahnemann was the original master of this art (though many have been produced since his time.)
In 1810, Hahnemann published the fruits of his labours in a systematic treatise called The Organon of the Medical Art. This publication laid out the original principles and practices of homoeopathy for the benefit of other physicians and for mankind in general. Early in the text he describes and defines the goal of physician: “The highest ideal of therapy is to restore health rapidly, gently, permanently; to remove and destroy the whole disease in the shortest, surest, least harmful way, according to clearly comprehensible principles.” The remainder of the book sets out how this ideal can be realized using homoeopathic principles.
He continued throughout his long career to refine and improve the practice of remedy making, proving and prescribing, still following the fundamental principles of his original discovery, and in the course of his life, produced five further editions of the Organon.
After a long career as a medical practitioner, researcher, writer and lecturer, Hahnemann died in 1843 at the age of 88 in Paris, after having completed his 6th and final edition of the Organon, referring to it in a letter to his publisher as his “most nearly perfect work.”
The fruits of Hahnemann’s genius continue to benefit us today in ever increasing measure as the efficacy and safety of homoeopathy in the treatment of countless disease states becomes evident to more and more people.
The tradition of trained and qualified medical doctors taking up homoeopathic study in addition to their regular training continues in many countries, while many who are not doctors can also train in the study and practice of homoeopathy, either to a professional or home-use level.
Its use has been expanded into veterinary practice as well where it is routinely applied successfully to pets as well as to agricultural animals.
In the UK there are several training colleges that offer training to a professional standard, and there are many groups and institutions that offer first-aid/home use courses.
In addition, there is a vast range of books on the market encompassing every aspect of homoeopathy, a small selection of which is available through this site.
Presentation of tissue remedy
SIMILIMA SIMILIBUS CURENTER
ITEM NUMBER -01
TISSUE REMEDY
1. What is cell and tissue?
2. What is biochemistry?
3. Write down the composition and process of tissue remedy?
4. Method of Schussler bio-chemic tissue remedy
5. Method of Schussler bio-chemic treatment
6. Historical background of tissue remedy
7. Difference between general bio-chemic and Schussler bio-chemic remedy
8. Difference between homoeopathic and bio-chemic method of treatment.
1. What is cell and tissue?
Answer:
Cell:
The cells come from the latin word “cella” which means a chamber. The living matters are composed of so many structural units or chambers.
Or,
Cell is a microscopic unit of living matter, which is a mass of protoplasm containing a nucleus or nuclear material.
Or
Cell is fundamental structure and functional unit of biological structure and physical of unit of life.
Tissue:
It comes from latin word “texera” which means to weave.
A tissue is a collection of similar type of cell and associated intracellular substance that specialized in a common direction and performing a definite function.
Example:
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
2. What is biochemistry?
Answer:
Bio-chemistry comes from two Greck words “Bio and chemia”
“Bio” means life and “chemia” means chemistry.
In short Bio-chemistry is the chemistry of living of organism. It deals with composition of atomic and molecular structure and also function of plant and animal.
In broad, Bio-chemistry is the science dealing with the mojlecular and atomic structure of living matter and the composition of substance their formation composition and the various transformation and the many undergo.
According to GM ORTEN AND O.W NEUHAUS Bio-chemistry in broad terms is the study of chemical composition of living matter and bio-chemical process that undergoing life activity during growth and maintains.
3. Write down the composition and process of tissue remedy?
Answer:
Bio-chemical composition of tissue remedy:
Bio-chemical compositions of living matter are as follows:
1. Water: About 75% -80% of by body weight of animal tissue are water except bone teeth.
2. Organic constituent: two groups
a. Nitrogenous compound
b. Non nitrogenous compound
a. Nitrogenous: Urea, uric acid, amino acid etc.
b. Non-nitrogenous: protein 75%, serum albumin, serum globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin etc.
Others—carbohydrate, fat, hormone, enzyme, etc.
Inorganic constituents:
1) Inorganic salt
2) Elements ions-
I. Anions
II. Cations
3) Bulk elements
4) Trace elements
1. Inorganic salt: NaCl, KCl, CaCO3, About 1% of total body weight of soft tissue is inorganic salt.
2. Elements ions: Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, NH4+, Cl-, hco3-, so4-, HPO4-, HPO3-.
3. Bulk elements: Carbon(c) , H2, O2, N2, S, P, etc.
4. Trace elements: F++, I2, CU, Zu, Mn, As, Ag, Br, Bi, Pb, Al, Ni, Be, Hg, Mg etc.
Gases: O2, Co2, N2, and trace of other gases.
Bio-chemical process:
Biochemical process of living organism is an essential part of biochemistry. It deals with the following aspect of chemistry.
Description:-
Photo chemistry: It is directly involved with photo synthesis and physical chemistry of osmosis
Catalysis: it is an important chemical mechanism that directly applied to living organism. It takes place in the bio-chemical system by the agency of enzyme hormone.
Example: ptyaline.
Mechanism of genetic control: It deals with nuclic acid and protein constituent and behaviour.
Colloid chemistry: It deals with nature of cell walls nucleus, collagen etc.
Acid base regulation: It involves in the pH of body fluids such nutritional components, as amino acids, fats, carbohydrates minerals, lipid, vitamins, are essential to life.
Chemical organism and reproductive behaviour of micro organism: it is seen in the bacteria and virus wich carry chemical components and sometimes insuitable condition.
Agricultural chemistry: It large part of chemistry which deals with bio-chemical process of plants.
Particularly, the above process actively deals with nucleic acid cell surface, cell membrane, enzymology, peptide hormone, molecular-biology and re-comband DNA.
4. Method of Schussler biochemic tissue remedy
Answer:
Two kinds of substances are needed in the process of tissue building of the body both are found in the blood, namely organic and inorganic.
The bio-chemic therapeutic is based on the physiological fact. That is both the structure and vitality of the organs of the body are depended upon contain necessary quantities and proper distribution of its constituents.
These remain after the burning process of the tissue and form the ashes.
The inorganic constituents are in every real sense. These material basis of the organs and tissue of the body. According to Dr. Schussler 12 inorganic tissue salts are presents in our body. These are natural body basis of tissue of the body although they are present in small quantity. They are absolutely essential to their integrity of structure and functional activity.
According to Dr. Schussler’s theory any disturbance in the molecular nation of tissue salts in the living tissues caused by a deficiency in the requsite amount constitute disease. These rectified and the equilibrium, re-established by adminis tering the tissue salts, which will be –
I. Homogenous to the body tissue salts.
II. Chemically pure tissue salts.
III. Physically and chemically closely related tissue salts.
IV. Potentised from.
V. Prover and
VI. Minute dose.
This is supposed to the broad about by virtue of the operation of chemical this 12 inorganic tissue remedies can rectify deficiency and recovered patients and can cure all the disease. These phenomena are well known as Dr. Schussler Bio-chemistry of theory of Dr. Schussler’s Bio-chemic method.
5. Historical background of tissue remedy
Answer:
SAMUEL HAHNEMANN, whose genius divined the great importance of the inorganic cell salts as remedial agents of a high order, was the first who began thorough investigation into their pathogenetic effects and therapeutic uses. It was his proving of Lime and Salt and Potash and Silica that prepared the way for the rest of the Tissue Remedies, that showed what vast store-houses of medicinal force these inorganic substances are, although apparently inert in their crude state. It was he, who first pointed out how these forces could be unlocked and directed for therapeutic purposes. Later, in 1832, attention was called in a paper published in Stapf’s Archiv to the great importance as remedies of all the “essential component parts of the human body”, and again, in the same journal, in 1846: “All constituents of the human body principally act on those organs wherein they have a function. All fulfill their functions when they are the cause of symptoms.” This from the pen of that remarkable genius in the field of Materia Medica – Constantine Hering.
Later still, we find Grauvogl, in his Text-Book, taking some notice of these remarks and amplifying them; but it remained for Dr. Schussler, of Oldenburg, Germany, to develop these suggestions and make the idea foreshadowed in them the basis of, a “new system”. In March, 1873, an article, entitled “An Abridged Homeopathic Therapeutics”, from his pen, was published in a German Homeopathic journal, in which he says: “About a year ago I endeavored to discover by experiments on the sick if it were not possible to heal them, provided their diseases were curable at all, with those substances that are the natural, i. e., the physiological function-remedies.”. Of this no special notice seems to have been taken, until, five months subsequently, Dr. Lorbacher, of Leipzig, came out in the same journal with some critical considerations of it.
This was followed by a reply from Schussler, which ran through seven numbers, giving a more detailed account of this “Abridged System of Homeopathic Therapeutics,” the important features of which are incorporated in this work.
The original communication from Schussler to the German medical journal was translated into English, and published first in the Medical Investigator, May, 1873, and soon afterwards in a small work, by Dr. C. Hering, entitled the “Twelve Tissue Remedies,” “recommended for investigation” by this great teacher of our school. Several editions were published in rapid succession, from which this historical sketch is mainly derived, and following these appeared the translation of the twelfth German edition, by J. T. O’Connor, M. D., and one by M. Docetti Walker, considerably enlarged by the addition of an appendix popularizing the Biochemic Method. Dr. Schussler, previous to his death, which occurred early in 1898, published the 25th German edition, in which the application of several of the remedies has been greatly enlarged and considerable new matter added, all of which is incorporated in this work. This edition has been translated into English.
Wilhelm Heinrich Schuessler was a German physician, who followed a slightly different, but simpler version of Homeopathy. He believed disease in man was caused due to deficiency of twelve basic salts. Take them and cure follows. The so-called twelve tissue salts of Schuessler are the following. Also mentioned later in the article is the usefulness of each of the salt.
The " Homeopathic" system of the Cell Salt remedies was developed by Dr.Schuessler a German doctor in the late 1880's. He analyzed the ash residue of human cells and found 12 inorganic mineral salts. He theorized that these 12 elements are critical to balancing cellular activity and health and made 12 homeopathic remedies in low potency in order to be assimilated rapidly and easily. The remedies have been used by millions of people for over 120 years worldwide. They have proven to be helpful in balancing many conditions in the body. Many of these remedies are the most important in homeopathic practice worldwide. The strong point of using the cell salts is building up the constitutional health of a person over long period of time. They are used to rebuild the organs and tissues.
The cell salts are equilibrium remedies; they are used to balance excess and deficiency. They remove excess as well as help with deficiencies. Cell salts work well with herbs and with vitamin and mineral supplements.
The cell salts are also great for people of any age. The two groups of people who benefit the most from using the cell salts are children between the ages of 0 - 3 a period when there is rapid growth in children. In children you can really build them up especially during growth. During growth periods you can use them for extended periods of time giving them daily for 1 to 2 years at a time. The elderly benefit because they are gentle, yet helps to nourish and to balance deficiency. For the elderly and children it is a way of doing homeopathy nutritionally. 6X is = to 1 part per million. 12X is one part per billion. Homeopathy raises the vital force, the cell salts rebuild. Homeopathy has a bigger range of action especially psychologically. The tissue salts have a narrower range but rebuild. In a way the cell salts are the "vitamins & minerals" of homeopathy. When a homeopathic remedy relapses, the cell salts come in and stabilizes it. You can take a Cell Salt remedy for 6 months to a year for supporting a chronic problem.
Dosing: Remedies are taken generally 4 tablets 4X a day but they can be used acutely much more frequently, for example Mag Phos is one of the best remedies for hiccups and can be taken every 5 minutes as needed. You can be very flexible with the doses depending on the circumstances.
The cell salts are broken into 5 groups. The biggest groups of cell salts by far are the calcium group. Calcium cell salts are frequently our true constitutional remedies. Calcium Carbonate i.e. Calc Carb is the biggest single remedy used in homeopathy.
1) Calcium group Calc Flor, Calc Phos, Calc Sulph
2) Sodium group Nat Mur, Nat Phos, Nat Sulph
3) Kali group (Potassium group) Kali Mur, Kali Phos, Kali Sulph,
4) Magnesium group Mag Phos
5) Ferrum (Iron) Ferrum Phos
6) Silica or Silicea
Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium are in 9 of the 12 remedies. Sulphur is in 3 remedies.
An example of the connection between the cell salts and homeopathic remedies is colocynth is a plant that is highest in the mineral magnesium. Its biggest symptom keynote is severe abdominal or pelvic pain. They bend over double and deep pressure feels better. The cell salt Mag Phos is the complementary remedy but they like a hot water bottle placed over the point of pain. These are both used for basically the same health problem but with a variation. Pulsatilla has the same relationship to Kali Sulph, so it has a similar symptom picture so Kali Sulph can be considered the cell salt equivalent of it.
Notwithstanding that Dr. Schussler denies in the later editions of his work all connection with Homeopathy, and insists that his method is not based upon the homeopathic law of cure, but upon physiologico-chemical processes that take place within the organism, it is nevertheless true that the present wide adoption of the Tissue Remedies in the treatment of disease is the fruit of the seed sown on homeopathic ground as early as 1832, although its development was slow until Schussler gave it a wonderful impetus by bringing physiologilcal chemistry and physiological and pathological facts to bear on his therapeutic procedure
6. Difference between general bio-chemic and Schussler biochemic remedy.
Answer:
The difference between general bio-chemistry and Dr. Schussler bio-chemistry are given bellow:
Points General bio-chemistry Dr. Schussler’s biochemistry
Parts It is a part of the general chemistry. It is a part of the general bio-chemistry.
Time It is relatively a young branch of science. It is relatively a young method of medical science.
Composition It deals with about water, organic components, inorganic compounds and gasses present in living matter. It deals with about inorganic salts especially about the 12inorganic salts of human tissue.
Contents It deals with the plant and animal bio-chemistry. It deals with human bio-chemistry.
Process It deals with the bio-chemical process of living organism. It deals with the bio-chemical process related with 12inorganic salts of human body.
Causes Pathological bio-chemistry discuss about the causes of plants and animals. Dr. Schussler’s bio-chemistry discuss about the causes of diseases of human body.
Disease It thinks that diseases are produced by insufficient sufficient of nutrition cell and tissue. It thinks that disease are produced by deficiency of 12inorganic salts of human body.
Cure General bio-chemistry also described that disease can be cure by sufficient supply of nutritional substances to the plants and animal. Dr. Schussler biochemistry described that diseases can be cure by removing deficiency of the 12inorganic salts of human beings with the corresponding salt applied in potentized and minor from.
7. Difference between homoeopathic and bio-chemic method of treatment.
Answer:
Introduction:-
Dr. Schussler said that biochemic treatment is a separated pf medical treatment. Although both the bio-chemic and homoeopathic method of treatment has some similarities but this dis-similarity is great, both system of treatment used potentized proved medicine in minor from and decimal scale. And follow systems similarity though in bio-chemic system has some exception difference between biochemic and homoeopathic methods of treatment are as follows-----
Points Bio-chemic method of treatment Homoeopathic method of treatment
Vital out look It demised vital energy, vital force and vital principal theory of homoeopathy. It believes in vital energy, vital force and vital principal theory in case of health, disease and cure.
Causes of disease Deficiency of 12 innorganic tissue salt. Derangement in the vital energy dkue to disease energy.
Mode of illness From cell molecules to body and mind. From vital energy to body and mind.
Scale Descimal scale. Descimal, centesimal and 50 milisimal scale.
Medicine/remedy Potentized and proved drug is called remedy. Potentized and proved drug is called medicine and proved medicine is called remedy.
Out look of cure All the disease can be cured by 12tissue remedies only. Although this system excluded cal. Sulph and included kali. Ars. Kali. Iod mag. Sulp later one. There is no such dogmatic specific outlook it things that medicines can be used according to the similar systems of the patient, tko make him cure.
Method of treatment-
a. similar
b. single medicine
c. dose a. similarities with symptoms and disease.
b. generally combined medicine.
c. in large dose. a. similarities with symptoms.
Single medicine (apho-169,170,272-274)
b. in minimum and modified dose.(apho-270 foot note)
Limitation It seems that if can cure all disease, with its 12 remedies. But in practice it is possible. It can cure all curable disease.
ITEM NUMBER -01
TISSUE REMEDY
1. What is cell and tissue?
2. What is biochemistry?
3. Write down the composition and process of tissue remedy?
4. Method of Schussler bio-chemic tissue remedy
5. Method of Schussler bio-chemic treatment
6. Historical background of tissue remedy
7. Difference between general bio-chemic and Schussler bio-chemic remedy
8. Difference between homoeopathic and bio-chemic method of treatment.
1. What is cell and tissue?
Answer:
Cell:
The cells come from the latin word “cella” which means a chamber. The living matters are composed of so many structural units or chambers.
Or,
Cell is a microscopic unit of living matter, which is a mass of protoplasm containing a nucleus or nuclear material.
Or
Cell is fundamental structure and functional unit of biological structure and physical of unit of life.
Tissue:
It comes from latin word “texera” which means to weave.
A tissue is a collection of similar type of cell and associated intracellular substance that specialized in a common direction and performing a definite function.
Example:
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
2. What is biochemistry?
Answer:
Bio-chemistry comes from two Greck words “Bio and chemia”
“Bio” means life and “chemia” means chemistry.
In short Bio-chemistry is the chemistry of living of organism. It deals with composition of atomic and molecular structure and also function of plant and animal.
In broad, Bio-chemistry is the science dealing with the mojlecular and atomic structure of living matter and the composition of substance their formation composition and the various transformation and the many undergo.
According to GM ORTEN AND O.W NEUHAUS Bio-chemistry in broad terms is the study of chemical composition of living matter and bio-chemical process that undergoing life activity during growth and maintains.
3. Write down the composition and process of tissue remedy?
Answer:
Bio-chemical composition of tissue remedy:
Bio-chemical compositions of living matter are as follows:
1. Water: About 75% -80% of by body weight of animal tissue are water except bone teeth.
2. Organic constituent: two groups
a. Nitrogenous compound
b. Non nitrogenous compound
a. Nitrogenous: Urea, uric acid, amino acid etc.
b. Non-nitrogenous: protein 75%, serum albumin, serum globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin etc.
Others—carbohydrate, fat, hormone, enzyme, etc.
Inorganic constituents:
1) Inorganic salt
2) Elements ions-
I. Anions
II. Cations
3) Bulk elements
4) Trace elements
1. Inorganic salt: NaCl, KCl, CaCO3, About 1% of total body weight of soft tissue is inorganic salt.
2. Elements ions: Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, NH4+, Cl-, hco3-, so4-, HPO4-, HPO3-.
3. Bulk elements: Carbon(c) , H2, O2, N2, S, P, etc.
4. Trace elements: F++, I2, CU, Zu, Mn, As, Ag, Br, Bi, Pb, Al, Ni, Be, Hg, Mg etc.
Gases: O2, Co2, N2, and trace of other gases.
Bio-chemical process:
Biochemical process of living organism is an essential part of biochemistry. It deals with the following aspect of chemistry.
Description:-
Photo chemistry: It is directly involved with photo synthesis and physical chemistry of osmosis
Catalysis: it is an important chemical mechanism that directly applied to living organism. It takes place in the bio-chemical system by the agency of enzyme hormone.
Example: ptyaline.
Mechanism of genetic control: It deals with nuclic acid and protein constituent and behaviour.
Colloid chemistry: It deals with nature of cell walls nucleus, collagen etc.
Acid base regulation: It involves in the pH of body fluids such nutritional components, as amino acids, fats, carbohydrates minerals, lipid, vitamins, are essential to life.
Chemical organism and reproductive behaviour of micro organism: it is seen in the bacteria and virus wich carry chemical components and sometimes insuitable condition.
Agricultural chemistry: It large part of chemistry which deals with bio-chemical process of plants.
Particularly, the above process actively deals with nucleic acid cell surface, cell membrane, enzymology, peptide hormone, molecular-biology and re-comband DNA.
4. Method of Schussler biochemic tissue remedy
Answer:
Two kinds of substances are needed in the process of tissue building of the body both are found in the blood, namely organic and inorganic.
The bio-chemic therapeutic is based on the physiological fact. That is both the structure and vitality of the organs of the body are depended upon contain necessary quantities and proper distribution of its constituents.
These remain after the burning process of the tissue and form the ashes.
The inorganic constituents are in every real sense. These material basis of the organs and tissue of the body. According to Dr. Schussler 12 inorganic tissue salts are presents in our body. These are natural body basis of tissue of the body although they are present in small quantity. They are absolutely essential to their integrity of structure and functional activity.
According to Dr. Schussler’s theory any disturbance in the molecular nation of tissue salts in the living tissues caused by a deficiency in the requsite amount constitute disease. These rectified and the equilibrium, re-established by adminis tering the tissue salts, which will be –
I. Homogenous to the body tissue salts.
II. Chemically pure tissue salts.
III. Physically and chemically closely related tissue salts.
IV. Potentised from.
V. Prover and
VI. Minute dose.
This is supposed to the broad about by virtue of the operation of chemical this 12 inorganic tissue remedies can rectify deficiency and recovered patients and can cure all the disease. These phenomena are well known as Dr. Schussler Bio-chemistry of theory of Dr. Schussler’s Bio-chemic method.
5. Historical background of tissue remedy
Answer:
SAMUEL HAHNEMANN, whose genius divined the great importance of the inorganic cell salts as remedial agents of a high order, was the first who began thorough investigation into their pathogenetic effects and therapeutic uses. It was his proving of Lime and Salt and Potash and Silica that prepared the way for the rest of the Tissue Remedies, that showed what vast store-houses of medicinal force these inorganic substances are, although apparently inert in their crude state. It was he, who first pointed out how these forces could be unlocked and directed for therapeutic purposes. Later, in 1832, attention was called in a paper published in Stapf’s Archiv to the great importance as remedies of all the “essential component parts of the human body”, and again, in the same journal, in 1846: “All constituents of the human body principally act on those organs wherein they have a function. All fulfill their functions when they are the cause of symptoms.” This from the pen of that remarkable genius in the field of Materia Medica – Constantine Hering.
Later still, we find Grauvogl, in his Text-Book, taking some notice of these remarks and amplifying them; but it remained for Dr. Schussler, of Oldenburg, Germany, to develop these suggestions and make the idea foreshadowed in them the basis of, a “new system”. In March, 1873, an article, entitled “An Abridged Homeopathic Therapeutics”, from his pen, was published in a German Homeopathic journal, in which he says: “About a year ago I endeavored to discover by experiments on the sick if it were not possible to heal them, provided their diseases were curable at all, with those substances that are the natural, i. e., the physiological function-remedies.”. Of this no special notice seems to have been taken, until, five months subsequently, Dr. Lorbacher, of Leipzig, came out in the same journal with some critical considerations of it.
This was followed by a reply from Schussler, which ran through seven numbers, giving a more detailed account of this “Abridged System of Homeopathic Therapeutics,” the important features of which are incorporated in this work.
The original communication from Schussler to the German medical journal was translated into English, and published first in the Medical Investigator, May, 1873, and soon afterwards in a small work, by Dr. C. Hering, entitled the “Twelve Tissue Remedies,” “recommended for investigation” by this great teacher of our school. Several editions were published in rapid succession, from which this historical sketch is mainly derived, and following these appeared the translation of the twelfth German edition, by J. T. O’Connor, M. D., and one by M. Docetti Walker, considerably enlarged by the addition of an appendix popularizing the Biochemic Method. Dr. Schussler, previous to his death, which occurred early in 1898, published the 25th German edition, in which the application of several of the remedies has been greatly enlarged and considerable new matter added, all of which is incorporated in this work. This edition has been translated into English.
Wilhelm Heinrich Schuessler was a German physician, who followed a slightly different, but simpler version of Homeopathy. He believed disease in man was caused due to deficiency of twelve basic salts. Take them and cure follows. The so-called twelve tissue salts of Schuessler are the following. Also mentioned later in the article is the usefulness of each of the salt.
The " Homeopathic" system of the Cell Salt remedies was developed by Dr.Schuessler a German doctor in the late 1880's. He analyzed the ash residue of human cells and found 12 inorganic mineral salts. He theorized that these 12 elements are critical to balancing cellular activity and health and made 12 homeopathic remedies in low potency in order to be assimilated rapidly and easily. The remedies have been used by millions of people for over 120 years worldwide. They have proven to be helpful in balancing many conditions in the body. Many of these remedies are the most important in homeopathic practice worldwide. The strong point of using the cell salts is building up the constitutional health of a person over long period of time. They are used to rebuild the organs and tissues.
The cell salts are equilibrium remedies; they are used to balance excess and deficiency. They remove excess as well as help with deficiencies. Cell salts work well with herbs and with vitamin and mineral supplements.
The cell salts are also great for people of any age. The two groups of people who benefit the most from using the cell salts are children between the ages of 0 - 3 a period when there is rapid growth in children. In children you can really build them up especially during growth. During growth periods you can use them for extended periods of time giving them daily for 1 to 2 years at a time. The elderly benefit because they are gentle, yet helps to nourish and to balance deficiency. For the elderly and children it is a way of doing homeopathy nutritionally. 6X is = to 1 part per million. 12X is one part per billion. Homeopathy raises the vital force, the cell salts rebuild. Homeopathy has a bigger range of action especially psychologically. The tissue salts have a narrower range but rebuild. In a way the cell salts are the "vitamins & minerals" of homeopathy. When a homeopathic remedy relapses, the cell salts come in and stabilizes it. You can take a Cell Salt remedy for 6 months to a year for supporting a chronic problem.
Dosing: Remedies are taken generally 4 tablets 4X a day but they can be used acutely much more frequently, for example Mag Phos is one of the best remedies for hiccups and can be taken every 5 minutes as needed. You can be very flexible with the doses depending on the circumstances.
The cell salts are broken into 5 groups. The biggest groups of cell salts by far are the calcium group. Calcium cell salts are frequently our true constitutional remedies. Calcium Carbonate i.e. Calc Carb is the biggest single remedy used in homeopathy.
1) Calcium group Calc Flor, Calc Phos, Calc Sulph
2) Sodium group Nat Mur, Nat Phos, Nat Sulph
3) Kali group (Potassium group) Kali Mur, Kali Phos, Kali Sulph,
4) Magnesium group Mag Phos
5) Ferrum (Iron) Ferrum Phos
6) Silica or Silicea
Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium are in 9 of the 12 remedies. Sulphur is in 3 remedies.
An example of the connection between the cell salts and homeopathic remedies is colocynth is a plant that is highest in the mineral magnesium. Its biggest symptom keynote is severe abdominal or pelvic pain. They bend over double and deep pressure feels better. The cell salt Mag Phos is the complementary remedy but they like a hot water bottle placed over the point of pain. These are both used for basically the same health problem but with a variation. Pulsatilla has the same relationship to Kali Sulph, so it has a similar symptom picture so Kali Sulph can be considered the cell salt equivalent of it.
Notwithstanding that Dr. Schussler denies in the later editions of his work all connection with Homeopathy, and insists that his method is not based upon the homeopathic law of cure, but upon physiologico-chemical processes that take place within the organism, it is nevertheless true that the present wide adoption of the Tissue Remedies in the treatment of disease is the fruit of the seed sown on homeopathic ground as early as 1832, although its development was slow until Schussler gave it a wonderful impetus by bringing physiologilcal chemistry and physiological and pathological facts to bear on his therapeutic procedure
6. Difference between general bio-chemic and Schussler biochemic remedy.
Answer:
The difference between general bio-chemistry and Dr. Schussler bio-chemistry are given bellow:
Points General bio-chemistry Dr. Schussler’s biochemistry
Parts It is a part of the general chemistry. It is a part of the general bio-chemistry.
Time It is relatively a young branch of science. It is relatively a young method of medical science.
Composition It deals with about water, organic components, inorganic compounds and gasses present in living matter. It deals with about inorganic salts especially about the 12inorganic salts of human tissue.
Contents It deals with the plant and animal bio-chemistry. It deals with human bio-chemistry.
Process It deals with the bio-chemical process of living organism. It deals with the bio-chemical process related with 12inorganic salts of human body.
Causes Pathological bio-chemistry discuss about the causes of plants and animals. Dr. Schussler’s bio-chemistry discuss about the causes of diseases of human body.
Disease It thinks that diseases are produced by insufficient sufficient of nutrition cell and tissue. It thinks that disease are produced by deficiency of 12inorganic salts of human body.
Cure General bio-chemistry also described that disease can be cure by sufficient supply of nutritional substances to the plants and animal. Dr. Schussler biochemistry described that diseases can be cure by removing deficiency of the 12inorganic salts of human beings with the corresponding salt applied in potentized and minor from.
7. Difference between homoeopathic and bio-chemic method of treatment.
Answer:
Introduction:-
Dr. Schussler said that biochemic treatment is a separated pf medical treatment. Although both the bio-chemic and homoeopathic method of treatment has some similarities but this dis-similarity is great, both system of treatment used potentized proved medicine in minor from and decimal scale. And follow systems similarity though in bio-chemic system has some exception difference between biochemic and homoeopathic methods of treatment are as follows-----
Points Bio-chemic method of treatment Homoeopathic method of treatment
Vital out look It demised vital energy, vital force and vital principal theory of homoeopathy. It believes in vital energy, vital force and vital principal theory in case of health, disease and cure.
Causes of disease Deficiency of 12 innorganic tissue salt. Derangement in the vital energy dkue to disease energy.
Mode of illness From cell molecules to body and mind. From vital energy to body and mind.
Scale Descimal scale. Descimal, centesimal and 50 milisimal scale.
Medicine/remedy Potentized and proved drug is called remedy. Potentized and proved drug is called medicine and proved medicine is called remedy.
Out look of cure All the disease can be cured by 12tissue remedies only. Although this system excluded cal. Sulph and included kali. Ars. Kali. Iod mag. Sulp later one. There is no such dogmatic specific outlook it things that medicines can be used according to the similar systems of the patient, tko make him cure.
Method of treatment-
a. similar
b. single medicine
c. dose a. similarities with symptoms and disease.
b. generally combined medicine.
c. in large dose. a. similarities with symptoms.
Single medicine (apho-169,170,272-274)
b. in minimum and modified dose.(apho-270 foot note)
Limitation It seems that if can cure all disease, with its 12 remedies. But in practice it is possible. It can cure all curable disease.
Question of Pharmacy 1st paper (2009-2006)
1) Describe the history of homoeopathic pharmacopoeia. 09
2) Write down the difference between homoeopathic pharmacy and pharmacopoeia. 09, 07 what is pharmacopoeia. 07
3) Who was dr. caspari? Describe the role of him in homoeopathic pharmacy. 08
4) Define homoeopathic pharmacy. 06
5) Mention the specialty and originality of homoeopathic pharmacy. 08, 06
6) In context of national health budget what role homoeopathic pharmacy can play. 08
7) Write down the pharmacopoeia in vague. 07
8) Knowledge of pharmacopoeia develops the knowledge of material medica explain. 07
9) a. Write down the name and uses of one important instrument uses in homoeopathic labrotary. 09b. Write down the name of five important instruments used in homoeopathic laboratory and their uses. 06 c. Make a list of ten common instruments used for an ideal homoeopathic pharmaceutical laboratory. 08
10) Describe the environment of ideal hooeopathic pharmaceutical laboratory. 08
11) What do you mean by homoeopathic labrotary?describe the site and environment of an ideal homoeopathic laboratory. 07
12) Write down the main and modern source of homoeopathic drugs with example. 09, 07
13) What is the deference between drug and medicine? 09, 07 what is drug. 07
14) What do you mean by drug? How and when drug substances are to be collected. 07
15) What are the purpose of identification and purification of homoeopathic drugs? 07
16) Differentiate between drug, medicine and remedy. 08
17) How homoeopathic drugs are stored and preserved. 08
18) Explain drug and homoeopathic drug not the same. 07
19) Define vehicle and classify it. 09, 07
20) Define alcohol and classify it (06) with example. 08
21) Describe the characteristic of an ideal vehicle. 09, 07
22) What is fermentation? 08 Describe the preparation of ethanol from molasses. 06 b. how will prepared ethanol from molasses. 08
23) Write down the preparation of sugar of milk. 09
24) Describe the method of preparation of mother tincture by Macoration method. 09
25) What is mother tincture? How many type of modern method to prepare mother tincture and what are those?
26) What are the merits and demerits of preparation of mother tincture in modern method? 07
27) Describe the methods of preparation of mother tincture from the plants contain small amount of juice according to the old method. 07
28) Write down the advantages and disadvantages of modern old methods for preparation of mother tincture. 09
29) What is potentization? 08 What are the difference between potentization and dilatation? 07 Mention the difference scales of potentization. 09, 08
30) What is potentization. Potentization of drug is not a simple matter- explain. 06
31) Describe the method of potentization in L.M scale. 08
32) Discuss the importance of potentization. 09
33) Describe the methods of preparation of medicine according to the new method. 07
34) How will you convert triturated medicine in to liquid medicine? 07
35) What is trituration? Describe the preparation of trituration according to centesimal scale. 06
36) Discuss how will you estimate the moisture content of a drug by water bath. 06
37) Write down the preparation of mother tincture in class four in old method. 06
38) Write down the difference between potency and dose. 07
39) What do you mean by 6x, 6and m/6 07
40) What is preservation? What is utility? 07
41) Explain the general rules of preservation of drugs. 07
42) Narrate the process of preservation of homoeopathic potentised medicine. 07
43) What is succession? Explain the scientific basis of it. 08
Describe different theories. 06
44) How will you estimate the size of globules with their medication? 08
45) What do you mean by decimal and centesimal scale of potentisation? How do they differ? 08
46) What do you understand by drug and medicine? Write down the names of two prepared from bee and cockroach. 09 Write down the names of one medicine from each of the following. 08 (fruits, dogs milk,, honey bee, spore, cockroach)
47) Describe the difference scales of potentization of drug.
48) What do you mean by homoeopathic laboratory? Mention the necessity of homoeopathic laboratory. 09
49) Explain the general rules of preparation of homoeopathic drugs. 09
50) Write short notes:
Hydrometer 09
Alkaloid 09, 07
Distillation 09
Rectified spirit 09
Water bath 09, 07
Proof sprit 07
Active constituents of drug 08
Purity test of suger of milk 08
Estimation of moisture contents of drug 08
Difference between potentisation and dilution 08
Mechanism of action of homoeopathic drug 06
Varity of ethyl alcohol 06
Advantages and disadvantages of using distilled water 06
Maceration 06
2) Write down the difference between homoeopathic pharmacy and pharmacopoeia. 09, 07 what is pharmacopoeia. 07
3) Who was dr. caspari? Describe the role of him in homoeopathic pharmacy. 08
4) Define homoeopathic pharmacy. 06
5) Mention the specialty and originality of homoeopathic pharmacy. 08, 06
6) In context of national health budget what role homoeopathic pharmacy can play. 08
7) Write down the pharmacopoeia in vague. 07
8) Knowledge of pharmacopoeia develops the knowledge of material medica explain. 07
9) a. Write down the name and uses of one important instrument uses in homoeopathic labrotary. 09b. Write down the name of five important instruments used in homoeopathic laboratory and their uses. 06 c. Make a list of ten common instruments used for an ideal homoeopathic pharmaceutical laboratory. 08
10) Describe the environment of ideal hooeopathic pharmaceutical laboratory. 08
11) What do you mean by homoeopathic labrotary?describe the site and environment of an ideal homoeopathic laboratory. 07
12) Write down the main and modern source of homoeopathic drugs with example. 09, 07
13) What is the deference between drug and medicine? 09, 07 what is drug. 07
14) What do you mean by drug? How and when drug substances are to be collected. 07
15) What are the purpose of identification and purification of homoeopathic drugs? 07
16) Differentiate between drug, medicine and remedy. 08
17) How homoeopathic drugs are stored and preserved. 08
18) Explain drug and homoeopathic drug not the same. 07
19) Define vehicle and classify it. 09, 07
20) Define alcohol and classify it (06) with example. 08
21) Describe the characteristic of an ideal vehicle. 09, 07
22) What is fermentation? 08 Describe the preparation of ethanol from molasses. 06 b. how will prepared ethanol from molasses. 08
23) Write down the preparation of sugar of milk. 09
24) Describe the method of preparation of mother tincture by Macoration method. 09
25) What is mother tincture? How many type of modern method to prepare mother tincture and what are those?
26) What are the merits and demerits of preparation of mother tincture in modern method? 07
27) Describe the methods of preparation of mother tincture from the plants contain small amount of juice according to the old method. 07
28) Write down the advantages and disadvantages of modern old methods for preparation of mother tincture. 09
29) What is potentization? 08 What are the difference between potentization and dilatation? 07 Mention the difference scales of potentization. 09, 08
30) What is potentization. Potentization of drug is not a simple matter- explain. 06
31) Describe the method of potentization in L.M scale. 08
32) Discuss the importance of potentization. 09
33) Describe the methods of preparation of medicine according to the new method. 07
34) How will you convert triturated medicine in to liquid medicine? 07
35) What is trituration? Describe the preparation of trituration according to centesimal scale. 06
36) Discuss how will you estimate the moisture content of a drug by water bath. 06
37) Write down the preparation of mother tincture in class four in old method. 06
38) Write down the difference between potency and dose. 07
39) What do you mean by 6x, 6and m/6 07
40) What is preservation? What is utility? 07
41) Explain the general rules of preservation of drugs. 07
42) Narrate the process of preservation of homoeopathic potentised medicine. 07
43) What is succession? Explain the scientific basis of it. 08
Describe different theories. 06
44) How will you estimate the size of globules with their medication? 08
45) What do you mean by decimal and centesimal scale of potentisation? How do they differ? 08
46) What do you understand by drug and medicine? Write down the names of two prepared from bee and cockroach. 09 Write down the names of one medicine from each of the following. 08 (fruits, dogs milk,, honey bee, spore, cockroach)
47) Describe the difference scales of potentization of drug.
48) What do you mean by homoeopathic laboratory? Mention the necessity of homoeopathic laboratory. 09
49) Explain the general rules of preparation of homoeopathic drugs. 09
50) Write short notes:
Hydrometer 09
Alkaloid 09, 07
Distillation 09
Rectified spirit 09
Water bath 09, 07
Proof sprit 07
Active constituents of drug 08
Purity test of suger of milk 08
Estimation of moisture contents of drug 08
Difference between potentisation and dilution 08
Mechanism of action of homoeopathic drug 06
Varity of ethyl alcohol 06
Advantages and disadvantages of using distilled water 06
Maceration 06
Physiology second paper suggestion
Endocrinology
1. What do you mean by endocrine glands? Name the endocrine glands of the body. 06 and their hormones? 08
2. Write down the hormone secreted from anterior pituitary gland. 09, 06
3. Discuss biosynthesis of thyroxin. 08
4. Write down the process of formation of thyroid hormone. 07
Describe the function of thyroid hormone. 06
5. Which hormone control the thyroid gland and how. 07
6. Write down the function of growth hormone. 08, 06
7. How parathhormone control the level of calcium in blood. 07, 08
How does parathhormone maintain blood calcium level. 09
8. Write down the hormone secreted by kidney. 09
9. Write the name of hormone secreted from ovary and testis. 06
10. What do you mean by cushings syndrome? Name the hormone secreted from adrenal cortex. 09, 08
11. Write down the function of cortisol and aldosterone. 09
12. What is goiter? What is its cause? How can you prevent it? 08
Urinary system
1. Describe the structure of human kidney. 07
2. Write down the Function of kidney. 09
Give the physical function of kidney. 07
3. Define nephron. Draw and level a nephron. 09, 06
4. Define glomerulus’s. 09
5. Write down the normal composition of urine. 06
Write down the composition of urine.09, 07
Describe the short the formation of urine. 06
Describe the mechanism formation of urine. 08
6. Write down the methods of formation of urine. 07
7. Write down the acidification of ph of urine.07
8. Give the name of hormone how they control the quantity of urine. 07
9. What is GFR? 07, 06 What are the factor that influences GFR. 08
What are the factors responsible for its increasing and decreasing? 07
10. Describe the renin-angiotensin mechanism. 08
Reproductive system
1. Mention the name of female reproductive organ. 09
2. Mention the function of ovary. 09
3. Write down the composition of semen. 09.06
4. Name the hormone released from testis. 06
Describe the function of testis. 06, 09
5. Name the hormones of male and female gland. 09
6. What do mean by puberty? 06 What are changes take place in the body during puberty. 08
7. Mention the secondary sex characteristics of male and female. 09, 06
8. Name the hormones of ovary how they work. 07
9. Write down the function of testosterone. 08
Function of male sex hormone. 06
10. Give the source of estrogen. 08
Write down the source of estrogen and progesterone. 07
Write down the function of estrogen. 09
11. Mention the function of progesterone. 07
12. Write briefly how lactation occurs.
13. What do you mean by ovulation? How does it occur? 08
How ovulation happens from ovary. 07
14. Define spermatogenesis. How does it occur? 06
Describe in short the step of spermatogenesis. 09
15. What do you mean by menstruation? Write down the composition of menstrual blood. 06, 09
16. Why menstrual blood does not clot? 09
17. Describe menstrual cycle. 08
Describe the different phases of menstruation and name the hormones regulating different phases. 06
Nervous system
1. Classify nervous system. 08, 06
2. What is motor nerve and sensory nerve? Describe with example. 08, 06
3. What do you mean by pyramidal and extrapyramidal system? Describe in short. 08 07
4. Define neuron? Draw and level a neuron. 09, 06
What is neuron? Enumerate the parts with figure. 08
5. Define synapse 07, 08
Describe the synaptic transmitions. 09
6. Write down the name of cranial nerves 09, 07
Name the cranial nerves with their function. 08
7. What is CSF? Write down the composition of CSF. 08, 06
Write down the formation, composition and function of CSF.07, 06
8. Describe the circulation of CSF. 08, 06 What is hydrocephalus? 06
9. What are the sulsi and gyri? Describe in the short the motor area the sensory area of the cerebrum. 06
10. Draw and level the visual plathway. 06
11. Describe the short mechanism of hearing. 06
12. How does the equlibriumof the body is maintained. 06
Short note:
* Acromegaly 09 * Hydrocephalus 09
* Retina 09 * Synapse 06
* Cretinism 08 * Reflex arc 06
* Diabetes mellitus 08, 06 * Oxytocin 08
* Fertilization 08, 06 * Visual pathway 08, 07
* Pancreas 07 * Cushing’s syndrome 07
* Ovulation 06
* Juxta glomevolar complex 09
*Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) 09, 07
1. What do you mean by endocrine glands? Name the endocrine glands of the body. 06 and their hormones? 08
2. Write down the hormone secreted from anterior pituitary gland. 09, 06
3. Discuss biosynthesis of thyroxin. 08
4. Write down the process of formation of thyroid hormone. 07
Describe the function of thyroid hormone. 06
5. Which hormone control the thyroid gland and how. 07
6. Write down the function of growth hormone. 08, 06
7. How parathhormone control the level of calcium in blood. 07, 08
How does parathhormone maintain blood calcium level. 09
8. Write down the hormone secreted by kidney. 09
9. Write the name of hormone secreted from ovary and testis. 06
10. What do you mean by cushings syndrome? Name the hormone secreted from adrenal cortex. 09, 08
11. Write down the function of cortisol and aldosterone. 09
12. What is goiter? What is its cause? How can you prevent it? 08
Urinary system
1. Describe the structure of human kidney. 07
2. Write down the Function of kidney. 09
Give the physical function of kidney. 07
3. Define nephron. Draw and level a nephron. 09, 06
4. Define glomerulus’s. 09
5. Write down the normal composition of urine. 06
Write down the composition of urine.09, 07
Describe the short the formation of urine. 06
Describe the mechanism formation of urine. 08
6. Write down the methods of formation of urine. 07
7. Write down the acidification of ph of urine.07
8. Give the name of hormone how they control the quantity of urine. 07
9. What is GFR? 07, 06 What are the factor that influences GFR. 08
What are the factors responsible for its increasing and decreasing? 07
10. Describe the renin-angiotensin mechanism. 08
Reproductive system
1. Mention the name of female reproductive organ. 09
2. Mention the function of ovary. 09
3. Write down the composition of semen. 09.06
4. Name the hormone released from testis. 06
Describe the function of testis. 06, 09
5. Name the hormones of male and female gland. 09
6. What do mean by puberty? 06 What are changes take place in the body during puberty. 08
7. Mention the secondary sex characteristics of male and female. 09, 06
8. Name the hormones of ovary how they work. 07
9. Write down the function of testosterone. 08
Function of male sex hormone. 06
10. Give the source of estrogen. 08
Write down the source of estrogen and progesterone. 07
Write down the function of estrogen. 09
11. Mention the function of progesterone. 07
12. Write briefly how lactation occurs.
13. What do you mean by ovulation? How does it occur? 08
How ovulation happens from ovary. 07
14. Define spermatogenesis. How does it occur? 06
Describe in short the step of spermatogenesis. 09
15. What do you mean by menstruation? Write down the composition of menstrual blood. 06, 09
16. Why menstrual blood does not clot? 09
17. Describe menstrual cycle. 08
Describe the different phases of menstruation and name the hormones regulating different phases. 06
Nervous system
1. Classify nervous system. 08, 06
2. What is motor nerve and sensory nerve? Describe with example. 08, 06
3. What do you mean by pyramidal and extrapyramidal system? Describe in short. 08 07
4. Define neuron? Draw and level a neuron. 09, 06
What is neuron? Enumerate the parts with figure. 08
5. Define synapse 07, 08
Describe the synaptic transmitions. 09
6. Write down the name of cranial nerves 09, 07
Name the cranial nerves with their function. 08
7. What is CSF? Write down the composition of CSF. 08, 06
Write down the formation, composition and function of CSF.07, 06
8. Describe the circulation of CSF. 08, 06 What is hydrocephalus? 06
9. What are the sulsi and gyri? Describe in the short the motor area the sensory area of the cerebrum. 06
10. Draw and level the visual plathway. 06
11. Describe the short mechanism of hearing. 06
12. How does the equlibriumof the body is maintained. 06
Short note:
* Acromegaly 09 * Hydrocephalus 09
* Retina 09 * Synapse 06
* Cretinism 08 * Reflex arc 06
* Diabetes mellitus 08, 06 * Oxytocin 08
* Fertilization 08, 06 * Visual pathway 08, 07
* Pancreas 07 * Cushing’s syndrome 07
* Ovulation 06
* Juxta glomevolar complex 09
*Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) 09, 07
Question of Physiology 1st paper (2009-2006)
1. Draw and level a typical human cell. 08, 06 What are the functions of cell membrane? 09
2. Define osmosis and diffusion. Give the difference between active and passive transport. 08, 06
3. Write down the function of mitochondria and nucleus. 09
4. Name the blood buffers. 08 How do they maintain and base balance. 09
5. Give the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid. 08
6. Write down the function of nucleus. 06
7. Write down the composition of blood. 08, 06
8. Write down the function of blood. 09
9. Describe short about erythropoeisis. 09
10. Describe in short about fate of RBC. 09
11. Describe in short the synthesis of hemoglobin. 08, 06
12. Describe the function of hemoglobin. 08, 06
13. Define blood pressure. Write how blood pressure is regulated. 09
14. Name the blood coagulation factors, 08, 06
15. Write down the morphology of RBC along with figure. 09
16. Name some plasma protein with their functions.08, 06 Write down five important functions of plasma proteins. 09
17. Describe in short about fat digestion, 08
18. Write down the function of liver. 08, 06
19. Write down the composition and function of saliva. 08, 06
20. Describe the mechanism of HCl secretion in stomach. 08, 06
21. Write down the constituents and function of pancreatic juice. 08, 06
22. Describe in short about digestion of carbohydrate. 08, 06
23. Mention the characteristic and composition of gastric juice. 09
24. Write the function of gastric juice. 09
25. Describe in short about digestion of protein. 09
26. Write down the characteristic of cardiac muscles. 09
27. What is cardiac cycle? What is the different phase of cardiac cycle? 09
28. What is cardiac output? Write the factors feeling cardiac output. 09
29. Draw and level different layers of respiratory membrane. 08, 06
30. Describe in short regulation of respiration. 08, 06
31. Discuss in short gaseous exchange between lung and tissue. 08, 06
32. Enumerate the volume and capacities of lung. 09
33. Briefly describe the pulmonary circulation. 09
34. Name the muscles of inspiration and expiration. 09
35. Define vitamin. Write down the function of vitamin D. 08, 06
36. Write down the source and function of fate soluable vitamin. 09
37. Write in short about ph. 09
38. Write the source, function and dificency features of vitamin A. 08, 06
39. Write the source function and deficiency disease of vitamin c. 09
40. Write the causes of iron deficiency anemia in Bangladesh. 08
41. Describe balance diet. Give the criteria of balance diet. 06
42. Short note:
Blood grouping 09, 06
Islets of langerhans 09
S. A. Node 09
Fate of R.B.C. 09
Metabolism 09
Creb’s cycle 08
Phagocytosis 08
Vital capacity 08, 06
Endoplasmic reticulum 08
ESR 08, 07, 06
Ovulation 07
Diffusion and osmosis 07
Blood buffer and ph 07
Classification of blood 07
Mitochondria 06
Neutrofill 06
2. Define osmosis and diffusion. Give the difference between active and passive transport. 08, 06
3. Write down the function of mitochondria and nucleus. 09
4. Name the blood buffers. 08 How do they maintain and base balance. 09
5. Give the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid. 08
6. Write down the function of nucleus. 06
7. Write down the composition of blood. 08, 06
8. Write down the function of blood. 09
9. Describe short about erythropoeisis. 09
10. Describe in short about fate of RBC. 09
11. Describe in short the synthesis of hemoglobin. 08, 06
12. Describe the function of hemoglobin. 08, 06
13. Define blood pressure. Write how blood pressure is regulated. 09
14. Name the blood coagulation factors, 08, 06
15. Write down the morphology of RBC along with figure. 09
16. Name some plasma protein with their functions.08, 06 Write down five important functions of plasma proteins. 09
17. Describe in short about fat digestion, 08
18. Write down the function of liver. 08, 06
19. Write down the composition and function of saliva. 08, 06
20. Describe the mechanism of HCl secretion in stomach. 08, 06
21. Write down the constituents and function of pancreatic juice. 08, 06
22. Describe in short about digestion of carbohydrate. 08, 06
23. Mention the characteristic and composition of gastric juice. 09
24. Write the function of gastric juice. 09
25. Describe in short about digestion of protein. 09
26. Write down the characteristic of cardiac muscles. 09
27. What is cardiac cycle? What is the different phase of cardiac cycle? 09
28. What is cardiac output? Write the factors feeling cardiac output. 09
29. Draw and level different layers of respiratory membrane. 08, 06
30. Describe in short regulation of respiration. 08, 06
31. Discuss in short gaseous exchange between lung and tissue. 08, 06
32. Enumerate the volume and capacities of lung. 09
33. Briefly describe the pulmonary circulation. 09
34. Name the muscles of inspiration and expiration. 09
35. Define vitamin. Write down the function of vitamin D. 08, 06
36. Write down the source and function of fate soluable vitamin. 09
37. Write in short about ph. 09
38. Write the source, function and dificency features of vitamin A. 08, 06
39. Write the source function and deficiency disease of vitamin c. 09
40. Write the causes of iron deficiency anemia in Bangladesh. 08
41. Describe balance diet. Give the criteria of balance diet. 06
42. Short note:
Blood grouping 09, 06
Islets of langerhans 09
S. A. Node 09
Fate of R.B.C. 09
Metabolism 09
Creb’s cycle 08
Phagocytosis 08
Vital capacity 08, 06
Endoplasmic reticulum 08
ESR 08, 07, 06
Ovulation 07
Diffusion and osmosis 07
Blood buffer and ph 07
Classification of blood 07
Mitochondria 06
Neutrofill 06
Question of Anatomy second paper (2009-2006)
Kidney
1. Describe in short the longitudinal section of a kidney. 09
2. Describe the exterior surface of kidney with picture. 07
3. Write down a short note on the hilum of a kidney. 09, 06
Write about hilum of kidney. 07, 08
4. Name the parts of urinary bladder with a diagram. 09
5. What is the excreatory organ? Mention the excretory function of them. 06
6. Mention the parts of renal system with figure. 08
Liver
7. Mention the different lobes and ligaments of liver. 09, 08
8. What is liver? State the histology of liver diagram? 09
What is liver? Give the histology of liver. 07
9. Write down the relation of inferior surface of the liver 08 with diagram. 09,
10. Write down the anatomy of liver 06
Gall bladder
11. State the parts and function of gall bladder. 09,08
12. Write down the anatomy Gall bladder. 06
13. Write down with picture about gall bladder. 07
14. State the position of the vermiform appendix with diagram. What is Mac Burney’s point? And what is importance of it. 09
Pancreas
15. What kind of gland pancreas is? What are the hormones and enzymes released from it? 09
16. Describe briefly about pancreas with picture. 07
Describe brief anatomy of pancreas with figure. 07
Stomach
17. Write the blood supply of stomach? 09
18. State the artery supply of the stomach. 07
19. Write the name of the stomach bed. 09
20. What are the structures that form the stomach bed? 08
What do you mean by stomach bed? Mention the structure of stomach bed with figure. 06
Heart
21. Mention the great vessels of the heart with figure.06
22. Describe the short junctional tissue of the heart. 06
23. Describe the heart valve with their position. 07
24. Describe in brief the valves of heart. 08
Diaphragm
25. Write down the main parts and major openings of the diaphragm. 06
Write down the major opening of the diaphragm with their vertebral level. 08
26. Mention the important structures passing through the major opening. 06
Mention the structure passes through them. 08
27. Mention the differences between large and small intestine. 07, 08
28. Write the parts of small intestine with length. 09, 08
Mention the layers of small intestine serially. 08
29. Write down the parts of large intestine with figure. 06
30. Give the branches of abdominal aorta. 06
Female genital organ
31. Write the structure and blood supply of the uterus? 07
Mention the supports and blood supply of uterus. 08
32. State the different parts of uterus with diagram. 09
33. Give the histology of ovary with figure. 09
34. State the function of a fallopian tube. 09
35. Write down the female genital organ with figure. 06
Male genital organ
36. Mention parts of male genital organ with figure. 06
37. Mention the parts of male genital system with figure. 08
38. Write down the layers of scrotum. 08
39. What is prostate? Give its function. 07
40. Write the layers of eyeball. 09
41. Describe visual pathway in brief. 09
42. Write the layers of cornea. 09
43. Give the supply of the tongue. 07
Write down the nerve supply of the tongue. 08
44. Give the intrinsic muscles of the larynx. Write down the structures of its mucosa with nerve supply. 07
45. Describe the middle ear cavity. 07
46. How is the mediastinum divided? Give the boundary and content of the middle midistinum 07
47. Write down in brief about pleura. 08
48. Define the roots of the lung. What are the structures pass through it. 07
49. What is bronchial tree? Give the branches. Give the relation of the mediastinal surface of the right and left lung
50. Mention the parts of alimentary canal. 07
51. Describe the branches of thoracic aorta with diagram. 08
Nephron
52. With picture describe briefly about nephron. 07
Draw and level a nephron. 06
What is nephrone, mention the parts with figure. 08
Nervous system
53. Give the different parts of neuron with diagram. 09
54. Classify nervious system. 09,06
55. What are the organs of special sense? 09, 07
Give their function. 07
56. Define neuron with figure. 06
57. Give the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves system. 08
58. Mention the cranial nerves with origin type and nature. 08
59. Mention the region of abdomen. Give the structure present in right hypochondriac. 08
60. Describe blood supply of vermiform appendix 07
Short note:
Meninges 09
Pleura 09, 06
Thoracic duct 09, 07
Islets of langerhans 09
Porta hepatis 09
macburney’s point 07
CSF 07
fallopian tube 07, 06
pericardium o8, 07, 06
cranial nerves 06
Trans pyloric plane 08. 06
Neuron 08
vermiform appendix 08
spinal cord 08
1. Describe in short the longitudinal section of a kidney. 09
2. Describe the exterior surface of kidney with picture. 07
3. Write down a short note on the hilum of a kidney. 09, 06
Write about hilum of kidney. 07, 08
4. Name the parts of urinary bladder with a diagram. 09
5. What is the excreatory organ? Mention the excretory function of them. 06
6. Mention the parts of renal system with figure. 08
Liver
7. Mention the different lobes and ligaments of liver. 09, 08
8. What is liver? State the histology of liver diagram? 09
What is liver? Give the histology of liver. 07
9. Write down the relation of inferior surface of the liver 08 with diagram. 09,
10. Write down the anatomy of liver 06
Gall bladder
11. State the parts and function of gall bladder. 09,08
12. Write down the anatomy Gall bladder. 06
13. Write down with picture about gall bladder. 07
14. State the position of the vermiform appendix with diagram. What is Mac Burney’s point? And what is importance of it. 09
Pancreas
15. What kind of gland pancreas is? What are the hormones and enzymes released from it? 09
16. Describe briefly about pancreas with picture. 07
Describe brief anatomy of pancreas with figure. 07
Stomach
17. Write the blood supply of stomach? 09
18. State the artery supply of the stomach. 07
19. Write the name of the stomach bed. 09
20. What are the structures that form the stomach bed? 08
What do you mean by stomach bed? Mention the structure of stomach bed with figure. 06
Heart
21. Mention the great vessels of the heart with figure.06
22. Describe the short junctional tissue of the heart. 06
23. Describe the heart valve with their position. 07
24. Describe in brief the valves of heart. 08
Diaphragm
25. Write down the main parts and major openings of the diaphragm. 06
Write down the major opening of the diaphragm with their vertebral level. 08
26. Mention the important structures passing through the major opening. 06
Mention the structure passes through them. 08
27. Mention the differences between large and small intestine. 07, 08
28. Write the parts of small intestine with length. 09, 08
Mention the layers of small intestine serially. 08
29. Write down the parts of large intestine with figure. 06
30. Give the branches of abdominal aorta. 06
Female genital organ
31. Write the structure and blood supply of the uterus? 07
Mention the supports and blood supply of uterus. 08
32. State the different parts of uterus with diagram. 09
33. Give the histology of ovary with figure. 09
34. State the function of a fallopian tube. 09
35. Write down the female genital organ with figure. 06
Male genital organ
36. Mention parts of male genital organ with figure. 06
37. Mention the parts of male genital system with figure. 08
38. Write down the layers of scrotum. 08
39. What is prostate? Give its function. 07
40. Write the layers of eyeball. 09
41. Describe visual pathway in brief. 09
42. Write the layers of cornea. 09
43. Give the supply of the tongue. 07
Write down the nerve supply of the tongue. 08
44. Give the intrinsic muscles of the larynx. Write down the structures of its mucosa with nerve supply. 07
45. Describe the middle ear cavity. 07
46. How is the mediastinum divided? Give the boundary and content of the middle midistinum 07
47. Write down in brief about pleura. 08
48. Define the roots of the lung. What are the structures pass through it. 07
49. What is bronchial tree? Give the branches. Give the relation of the mediastinal surface of the right and left lung
50. Mention the parts of alimentary canal. 07
51. Describe the branches of thoracic aorta with diagram. 08
Nephron
52. With picture describe briefly about nephron. 07
Draw and level a nephron. 06
What is nephrone, mention the parts with figure. 08
Nervous system
53. Give the different parts of neuron with diagram. 09
54. Classify nervious system. 09,06
55. What are the organs of special sense? 09, 07
Give their function. 07
56. Define neuron with figure. 06
57. Give the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves system. 08
58. Mention the cranial nerves with origin type and nature. 08
59. Mention the region of abdomen. Give the structure present in right hypochondriac. 08
60. Describe blood supply of vermiform appendix 07
Short note:
Meninges 09
Pleura 09, 06
Thoracic duct 09, 07
Islets of langerhans 09
Porta hepatis 09
macburney’s point 07
CSF 07
fallopian tube 07, 06
pericardium o8, 07, 06
cranial nerves 06
Trans pyloric plane 08. 06
Neuron 08
vermiform appendix 08
spinal cord 08
Question of Anatomy 1st paper (2008-2006)
1) Define cell. Draw and level a typical human cell. 09, 07
b. Give the parts of human cell with figure. 06
2) Describe cell membrane and mitochondria. 07
3) Give the function of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. 06
4) What is nucleus? What is chromosome? 08
5) What are cell organells? 08
6) Give short note on endoplasmic reticulum. 08
7) What is chromatin? Give its function. 06
8) What are the types of cell division? Describe prophase 1 of first mitotic cell division. 06
9) What do you mean by horizontal, median, sagital and frontal plane? 06
10)Describe chromosome in brief. 07
11)Give the difference between mitosis and meiosis. 07
12)Describe different stages of mitosis with diagram. 09, 08
13)Define cell membrane .write structures of cell membrane with diagram. 09
14)What is gland classify different types of gland with diagram. 08
15)What are the germ layers? Mention derivatives of Ectoderm. 08, 07, 06
16)a. Define synovial joint. Write down the characteristic of synovial joint. 09
b. Draw and level typical synovial joint. 07, 06
17)Classify bone with example. 09
18)Mention blood supply of long bone. 09, 07
19)Classify joint (06) with example. 09
20)Classify synovial joint with example. 07
21)Draw and level intervertibral joint and write its different functions. 07
22)Write down the bones of lower limb. Draw and level a femur. 06
23)Describe a typical thoracic vertebra with figure. 06
24)Write down the peculiarities of clavicle. 06
25)Give the composition and function of bone. 09, 07
26)Give the parts of growing bone with figure. 07, 06
27)Write in short about intervertibral disc. 09
28)Name the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles with nerve supply.07
29)What are the hamstrings muscles? Give their origin, insertions, nerve supply and actions. 08
30)Write the origin insertion and action of following muscles: (any three) a. biceps brachii 09, 07, 06 b. deltoid 09, 07 c. pectoralis major 09, 07d. sartorius 09, 07, 06 e. rectus femoris 07 f. soleus 07 g. trapezius 06
31)Write the origin, insertions, nerve supply and action of rectus abdominis muscles. 09
32)Name the muscles of mastication (06) with their function. 09
33)Give the difference between artery and vein. 08
34)Give the muscles of anterior abdominal wall. 09 and describe rectus abdominis in short. 07
35)What is hip joint formed. What type of joint it is? Give its functions. 08
36)Define and classify tissue. 09, 07
37)Define tissue. Draw and level different type of connective tissue. 08 Write down the types of connective tissue and connective tissue cells. 07
38)Classify connective tissue. 08
39)Give the characteristic of connective tissue.
40)Classify epithelial tissue. Write it function. 09, 07
41)Differentiate epithelial tissue and connective tissue. 09
42)Name the location where simple columnar epithelium is found. 08
43)Give the characteristic of epithelium. 06
44)Classify muscular tissue with example. 07
45)Differentiate among the muscular tissue 07
46)Define rectus sheath? Give the boundary and contents. 08
47)Mention the layers of skin with figures. 08
48)Define ovulation and fertilization .07
49)Write short notes:
v Volkmann’s canal 08
v Typical rib 08
v D. N. A 08, 07, 06
v Intervertibral disc 08, 06
v Fertilization 08
v Suture 06
v Hyaline cartilage 06
v Haversion system 06
v Muscles of mastication 07
v Cell division 07
v Bone marrow 09,07
v Transpyloric plane 09, 07
v Transpyloric plane 07
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